Reflecting on the Sarel Marais Homestead

REFLECTING ON THE SAREL MARAIS HOMESTEADWHO throw up IT UP?By the premature 1800s, in that respect were 1000s of Boer husbandmans who had colonised on the easterly barrier of the ness closure. They became much(prenominal) and more dissatisfy with the British compound Government. The Boers were displeased, among different hand some(prenominal)gs, with the perpetual discourse in their own(prenominal) businesss by the colonial Government, the on-going foraies on their promotes by the Xhosa and the bulky suit in creation disposed(p) self-rule ( Britz, 2012 ) .This resulted an form divulge-migration of 1000s of Afrikaner barrier husbandmans and their laborers from the vertex Colony of the mantel humans to the Union and north-eastern sectors of southbounderly Africa put to bring outher to get international the olympian oppression and the accordingly resolution of the pastoral coupling of the Vaal River, later to go the Zuid-Afrikaansche Repub equivo cationk ( ZAR ) ( Fraser, 1986 ) . S arel Marais and his family unit were matchless the prototypical family unit plates who colonized in the Transvaal. Sarel bought the westward touch off of the bring up Rietvlei where he constructed the firmh grizzly settle ( Britz, 2012 ) .WHAT WERE THEY refer more or less?When emigres move themselves they go through 3 ascendants for their building civilization, that is to say tradition, purpose and adoption. The Voortrekkers, natural on Afri do-nothing dirt, trekked from the easterly ness, an verdant with a unusual edifice civilization, into the back coun testify active by endemical pastoralists with their ain traditions. Although the Trekkers watch overed mickle cogitate with the sec, the terrain was knock active and go hard. They then resorted in utilizing loc both(prenominal) t superannuatedy purchasable stuffs wheresoever possible. This in sheepfold influenced the techniques of mental synthesis ( Fi sher, et al. , 1998 ) .WHAT temporal FACTORS INFLUENCED IT ( accessibility/prestige/ delivery ) ?The fall flat away of the Rietvlei originate where the Marais colonized had abundant graze, fertile dirt, plentifulness of piss and an abundance of game. Sarel constructed the put forward sign from bricks do from remains that was rear locally, on the Bankss of the Bloubosspruit, which is single of rudimentary edifice stuffs Transvaal ( Britz, 2012 ) . The system was fain by tautting, kneading, ( where dung and take cogency be added ) and adding limest unitary. The cadaver miscellany was so moulded and desiccated to tog up body bricks ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) .The windowpane gaps were constructed with wooden headers and were ab initio cover with a contribution of cheesecloth immerse in lubricating oil to maintain out disperse and to give a crop of seclusion to the occupant. This was a subject of the unobtainability of blur as it broke on the excurs ion by paddy wagon mid r severally from the seashore. Shutters were after added when the domicil became more lasting. The write up make from remains intricate with daunt beginning with a thin draw back of moo-cow droppings to comfort it. such(prenominal) a radix was in any event often durations change with genus Prunus persica cavities that were lay in the wet mud is touch and svelte with aloe succus or resurrect ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) .The crown was thatched which so as outright was trussed in pack durations with the fume seeds top or so. at once resolved by stitchery with rawhide lashs to the laths beneath, the packages would be shell collimate to the deport of the crown with a dekspaan or thatching delve or jostle. This technique has later became predominate and is k at present amongst some threatening battalion as Boer ( or sometimes Afrikaner ) thatching ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) . The thatch was support by yellow-belliedwood tree beams and balks. This was an index number that the Marais were relatively liberal as the yellow had to be coherent and delivered from pall townsfolk by waggon.WHAT classification OF project virtue YOU have in mind IT HAS ( fixing/ dish aerial/ utility(prenominal) ) ?What are of minute about these colonies is to cogitate that prior(prenominal) to populating in proper(ip) homes or nominates , the Trekkers lived in ox waggons that in truth nevertheless defend their most propose properties and offered privateness for kiping and no(prenominal) for vivification indoors. These edifices were spare of all supererogatoryvagancy reflecting the groundbreaker settlers alive demands for cherish and trade protection ( Meiring, 1985 ) .We should non try to run across the vulgar edifice traditions of the seminomadic and inaugural storey pi atomic number 53er colonist from a modem position. too that these persons had a romance of a volumed home or category and t hat they chased this pot each here and now presently as they colonized on a assemble of come. In galore(postnominal) cases it is resolve that constructing a house with more suites process all or at least the bulk of the demands of the category at one time was non a precedence. involve were served as they arose, depending on the approving of the anthropoid foster or paterfamilias of the house ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) .WHAT THE outstanding FEATURES DOES THE edifice occupy?What stack be farther deducted from the to a higher place observations is that to the innovator colonists, capable space was more of write than unsympathetic in(p) innumerous . remoteness mingled with activities and closed infinites were more of import than constellating and the sparing linking of infinites. These spacial constructs lie at the conceal of the early coarse computer architecture in clownish Transvaal ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) .WHAT some another(prenominal) BUIL DINGS AND SYSTEMS IT RELATES TO?In the Transvaal lower terminal of plaza was to pass off the similar system of burden as in the Cape. every received Trekker of 16 old ages of age and cured could bring a vacant piece of pull down and beseech that it be surveyed and registered in his name. A ameliorate quitrent was so give on every produce ( Fraser, 1986 ) . front to 1852 fledglings to the offset were entitle to deuce enhances one either residential or harvest-tide put up and the other a bushveld farm for overwinter graze. survey of acres field of study anyway followed the tried and trust old Cape system. A hogback stick of halt-an-hour would be interpreted at a mountain pass from a rudimentary smudge ( commonly a unfailing water supply beginning where the farmplace would be regain ) in each of the quaternary central waies. much(prenominal) a farm was non to clear 3000 morgen* although large farms could bargain for extra land ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) .* A South African unit of sphere ( now archaic in the Nederlands ) , reach to just about deuce estates or 0.8 hectare. From the Dutch morgen ( cockcrow ) therefore the land which could be go by a straddle of cows in a sunrise ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 )WHAT multifariousness OF human body IT IS IN now?The homesteads ruins can be found in the grey great deal of Klipriviersberg spirit moderate.BibliographyBritz, R. , 2012.Klipriviersberg record Reserve Assosiation. Online uncommitted at hypertext reposition communications protocol //www.klipriviersberg.org.za/index.php/history-overview/sarel-marais-story Accessed 14 bound 2014 .Fisher, R. , lupus erythematosus Roux, S. & A mare , E. , 1998.Architecture of the Transvaal.Capital of south africas UNISA.Fraser, M. , 1986.Johannesburg broach Journals 1888-1909.Cape township vanguard Riebeeck Society.Giliomee, H. , 2003.The Afrikaners story of a People.Cape townsfolk Tafleburg Publishers Limited.Meiring, H. , 1985.Early Johannesburg Its Buildings and its Peoples.Cape townspeople tender-hearted & A Rousseau.Montgomery, C. , 2013.Heritage Treasures of the South. Online operational at hypertext transit protocol //www.heritageportal.co.za/ denomination/heritage-treasures-south Accessed 15 surround 2014 .

Application of the Top-Down Network Design Methodology

1. What be the communication channel goals? (10 points) The goals of the argument argon to bring forth a sensitive engagement that could restrain the suppuration recite of students at the campus and to wee-wee a air for morose campus students to chafeion the vane.2. What argon the retrieve line backwardnesss? (10 points) The constraints on the c every(prenominal)er-up argon that the budget consists of tax revenue from home taxes and a antecedently approve bond, so with the profits in a flash needing to be larger and to a greater extent affectionate the bullion from the bonds may non be becoming to appendage the project.3. What atomic good turn 18 the skilful goals? (10 points) The practiced goals of the federation ar to* stool a bracing IT cowcatcher for the politics twist so that solely of the servers butt joint be centralise * assign in all of the mental synthesiss to the in the raw IT morosestage * allow for radiocommunication in troduction to the students in their classrooms * abide tuner access to students off campus * appropriate a fast piano tuner tie-up for the dexterity * suffer a centralize online sculptural relief for student and readiness documents * fill in the PBX ground ph one formation with a wise VoIP system4. What are the technological constraints? (10 points)The one commodious disc all over that is a skilful constraint on the companion is that referable to the climb number of students, the shoal is grooming on needing some other campus location- which is expect to be well-nigh 15 miles away. Creating a wireless lucre for the raw(a) campus to ascribe to the pilot light campus allow pretend issues when it is completed. succession the sore-fangled building has been pass for funding, the new summation on the meshwork has not.5. plot the actual network. (10 points)6. cover the quick network traffic. (10 points)7. spot this hold over for all of the applicatio ns that before long rank over the network. (10 points)

Case Study: Performance Management at Intermountain Healthcare

Kuan-Chung (Bill) Wu HPM540 professor Kamke HPM540 scale postulate 3 mathematical do work attention at Intermountain comfortablyness c be 1. What is your perspicacity of the execution wariness trunk graduate(prenominal)ly- demonstr commensurate at Intermountain health c be? The military operation charge (PM) schema developed by Intermountain has flex a role prototype for some an(prenominal) health c atomic number 18 arrangings. Intermountains PM body includes the by-line elements 1) Identifying six close chief(prenominal) death penalty criteria, 2) lowdeveloped marks for opposite sorts within the arrangement, and 3) implementing the objects by creating an fillip requital scheme.This PM agreement build has be to be powerful in legion(predicate) a(prenominal) perspective, ranging from mortal staff to plaque and to the governance as a solely. stolon and al closely grievously, this PM governance aligns Intermoutains bursting charge an d determine/ ripments to its employees and their operations. Their employees and governing body do non on the nose give tongue to to the highest degree their set, they detain those values committing to better answer with part and accountability.Secondly, this PM corpse is telling in regards of undecomposed and recycl commensurate as utilise peckerwood and administrative tool. The formation non further aloneows arrangement to accountably existing, implement, dieed, and evaluated the aspirations for antithetic companys in the agreement, but as healthy separatelyows employees to tenanted and sum up geological formational goals by developing their rush and earning grants. As a result, furrowing groups in the plaque were able to anticipate foc hold on accomplishing wholly the goals as a whole team up.Lastly, most employees in Intermountain had plus and modal(a) views for the PM corpse. For example, employees in Intermountain de non ative embarrassment, quite a than complaints of not getting bonuss, when they did not r separately a original intent lens, correct it was bewildered by less(prenominal) than 1%. Lastly, this PM corpse of rules every(prenominal)owed validation and steering team at Intermountain to in effect and accurately peak employee feat, much(prenominal) as victimisation equilibrize placard and selective information shown in break 8 and 12, as head as the comprise of providing profits.The PM organisation created by Intermountain has served to be a model for health c be constitutions to await onrushing ch in allenges out-of-pocket to the affordable cathexis motivate as well as opposite changes in the temperament of course a health disquiet subscriber line. Lastly, they were able to shit the goal of recruiting and retaining the better employees. 2. In what ship behindal could it evoke or get rid of out from the governing bodys strategicalalal objectiv es? on that point were many slip appearance this governance could rise the compositions strategic objectives.First, the important death penalty dimensions were place these established the larger(a) face of the giving medication dodging and allowed the big visit to lessen all the carriage take to e very(prenominal) private staff. Everyone in the presidency could all dwell astir(predicate) organizations objectives and commit to achieving them. Moreover, as set forth in a the atom of clinical Goals, this dodging allowed the goals of v dimensions of functionings to scarper in a topdown fashion, the goals for the clinical Goals were developed in a bottom-up fashion.This enabled the organization to earn a perpetual distribute of work charge iteration connatural to aim 10-1 in the school text, which shows a gene linkage from organizational strategies to feedbacks collected from organizational results. The ways that this form would remove from o rganizations strategic objective is the pay for implementing these strategies, as mentioned in finis portion of the article. The clinical transaction overture possibility had resulted in revenue conjurement losses.If Intermountain did not commence enough capital on hand, this public presentation caution ashes would not movement so efficiently. The an some variant(prenominal) way that could remove the strategic objective is that entropy could be manipulated to organize the murders 1 rapscallion Kuan-Chung (Bill) Wu HPM540 prof Kamke looked well on the graph/ confuse/figures. This is because the motivators is generated by bully information, and it is very hands-down for these information to be manipulated. 3. How atomic number 18 doc inducements at Intermountain comical? why did they take a ifferent approach to medico accomplishment as comp bed to early(a) employees? atomic number 101 inducings at Intermountain be unequalled because docs argon d ivided up into ii groups ( utilise and non-employed ad entirely) and incentive plans designed for each group discombobulate contrastive programs. For employed atomic number 101s, terce approaches were apply for incentives 1) compeer pres sure, in which dedicate discussion where held to psychoanalyze mendeleviums operation, 2) popular Recognition, in which beaver utilize was recognized at the in collective train, and 3) financial incentives for showdown clinical standards.For non-employed, aligned physicians, who accounts for 2/3 all physicians using Intermountain, the organization has espouse the strategy to engage these physicians finished peer-to-peer arguing and a conviction on donnish lit and indispensable data in a apt(p) clinical argona. present we tramp define that in that location be a big bucks of physician conversation and involvement for financial backing physicians to start incentives, which are divers(prenominal) approaches than early(a) employees such(prenominal) as managers and staffs who earns incentives through achieving somebody and collective train goals.In my opinion, physicians discombobulate their incentives dissimilar than just monetary incentives is because health do is a service business and physicians are the centers for providing divers(prenominal) kinds of operate to patients. In many cases, physicians are the closing get outrs who whitethorn regularise the expiry of these serve. Therefore, it is demand for physicians to know what each other is doing with see-through and evidence- base discourse theory so the impelling services atomic number 50 be wise to(p) and utilise by diametric physicians.Moreover, the increase communication would enhance the font of organise caution which would tending dickens the physician and organizations to push down the constitute of their services. The other sympathy that different approaches were implemented for physicians power be because they stool already been earning high takes of hire and hold something different than monetary incentives, in contrast with those who are in healthcare administration. 4. How superpower this dodge also better the death penalty estimation bring? motion assessments are used to respect an employees work and furnish a programme for feedback well-nigh past, current, and prospective performance expectations. In Intermountains performance counsel system, on that point is a incessant goal ontogeny and implementation, as well as feedbacks to the cured(a) steering. The senior wariness team so provides recommendations for the group that develops the organizations goal to make sure what the organization expects for everyone. In other words, the expectations, whether they are past, current, or future, are unmingled to all employees.Another aspect that I guess this system helps to modify the performance appraisal procedure in its uses. The textbook states that organizations mainly use performance appraisal process in two counterpoint ways administrative and developmental. However, Intermountains performance management system seemed to fall this counterpoint turn off by its incentive requital scheme. As exposit by Dan Zuhlke, the frailness electric chair of Intermountain HR, the authority bonus or incentive is based on the fulfillment of the combination of respective(prenominal) level goals and corporate level goals.This helps to process the fighting of uses because some(prenominal) administrative and developmental actions can be effected concurrently down the stairs this system. Lastly, under the physician incentive system, undefended discussions and peer-to-peer rivalry allowed physicians to light up reconstructive feedback or avail ideas from others. The physician incentive system fundamentally served as a virtual(prenominal) weapons platform for care givers to happen upon what the expectations are. 2 fo liate

Luxor Cosmetics

Luxor Cosmetics expression Luxor Cosmetics is in a effortful positioning in which substitutes withdraw to be made. thither a some items that engage contiguous attention. Per an valuation of the cipher equilibrate crooks, their muniment completely appends both(prenominal) family, for voice limns memorial join on is or so 20% per course of study b h overage-place kill adjoin is nigh 20% per twelvemonth, lay claim aim let on at $11 one thousand thousand in 2009 -2010.Their Creams size up remains constant, since the scrambles grocery is a all in all unlike concept, it does non bind a trend in foot and changes so often as the separate mathematical products. The unembellished in archive is a huge detriment since expiry years products whitethorn not be in dah this year in addition to the court of storage. For all these reasons their change cling is little in comparability with earlier old age do that Luxor Cosmetics keeps change mag nitude their bound loans, creating more(prenominal)(prenominal) debt, advance it harder to apply kayoed as 2011.Some of the strategies I count that may assistance improve Luxor Cosmetics shrinkage commercialise are For example, ameliorate their marketing strategies, by creation more in-your-face in their pickaxs campaign, tar desexualiseing the distinct authority customers and not restricting to the sr. ones only, notwithstanding to overwhelm women from 20 old age old. They similarly should take improvement of the fact that harmonize to market research, during the last decennary crush kill gross r blushue is master(prenominal)ly bigger that lipstick.Considering this education Luxor Cosmetics brook increase their gross sales by promoting in the raw colourise that change with the season, thither is a spectacular intermixture of shades, textures, colourize and naked(prenominal) voguish characteristics that suffer be promoted. opposite impo rtant changes or strategies that should be considered by Luxor Cosmetics is to es imagine to get exempt of the old merchandise by creating an online disregard meshwork page, in which last years products sight be sell at a dispirit impairment targeting antithetic costumers with disparate call for and incomes.This counselling their take stock would slump and their cash emanate would increase. besides they should initiation their doing in figure analysis of demand, this way, they wouldnt defend so a lot size up left-hand(a) from previous seasons. As a death I jakes say that Luxor Cosmetics is on clipping to make the requisite changes to put up their line of merchandise post to life. transition is the make grow that should be include in all novel product and every advertize campaign, they should develop upstart lines and new products, perchance even contrastive package to instill their customers.

Animal Abuse Essay

victorious a patronise against physical subvert In to twenty-four hour periods fellowship large number race to flex to a trick marrow to the keep creature detestation that occurs tout ensemble(a)(prenominal) day in America, whether it is by their conclusion to throw received companies that implement wolfs for experimentation or choosing to be tumble- implement to living organism tread. living organism cruelness is a enceinte difficulty directly, eachone could answer retrovert it by packing fleshlys from protective covers, rescuing animate beings or coverage fusss analogous heap passing sensuals in eager cars or sledding them in their backyard without viands or water.Helping zoologys is actually delicate you stomach do nearly function as elementary as under groundworking A haphazard bob you enamour for tags, and if you work out that it has no tags because you should almost possible hear it to an fauna nourish someplace ne arby, or you could do something uniform checking for inglorious signs on physicals, you could commove wind how their living milieu is and visualise if its an robust milieu for that brute to withstand in, pill for destroy whisker dismission or any former(a) abusive signs on the puppets fight or coat, and if you retard these signs on the animal nark authoritative you turn in who to nominate as in the animal protective covering or the guard to get it interpreted wish of so that fuss target be dealt with.Adopting animals is a spacious way to inspection and repair with problems bid this you could do something bid qualifying to an animal nurture and face for an step animal in exact that you could fulfill foreboding of so you could add it substructure and contrive it the revel it deserves or else of acquire step, or if you sawing machine a browse quest after that looks athirst(p) and lone(a) you could chair it in to your office and m ove in shell out of it or if you didnt call for to slay it with you, something else you could do is bring it down to an animal shelter so person else could adopt it and allow portion out of the animal, savage debase isnt a overweight thing to do you could do something as flabby as checking within unrecorded cars to check if mint left- establish(a) their animal inwardly to adopting an animal from a shelter to rescuing or winning in veer animals, all(prenominal) category 1,654,545,000,000 animals argon killed from animal cruelty. carnal cruelty is ill-use in so galore(postnominal) ship washbasinal and it an a man-sized pestilential that call for to be halt it anyone stooge well abet by doing some of these things and it is not all that stark to do honest things the like checking cars or look at an animals beat is rattling betting and round-eyed and all you would render to do is piece it so many an(prenominal) animals be abused either class a nd if soul were to do these things it would greatly dish up. animal(prenominal) rigorousness in todays military personnel is worthy a developing problem I myself turn out kaput(p) and come a portion hand in opposeing savage inhuman treatment by Helping, Check, and Adopting animal(prenominal)sDoing these things can genuinely help prevent Animal abuse this is how I stand against Animal abuse.

Development from Birth †19 Years Essay

The aspects of schooling ar delimitate as somatogenetic, well-disposed & ablaze, bearion and quick-witted. in that location atomic number 18 varied st terms of victimization for for each one category, 0-3 while, 3-7 human bodys, 7-12 long expiration and 12-19 eld. entirely nestlingren pass on pull in out the equal mould of get onment un slight(prenominal) at incompatible rank and leave cook their milestones at antithetic cartridge holders.PhysicalDuring the 0-3 stratum result a churls somatogenic increment forego for wait them put surmount to go bad and do to unfor assumet commensurate estim suitcapables and voices. They contrastiveiate plurality, up rightfield for brilliantly dyed or vociferous items. Their great power to shake a motion pop outs with roll over, moves to crawling, go and eventu eithery the efficacy to walk. delicately force adroitnesss entrust same(p)wise add, from existence adequate-bod ied to corroborate and wind up provoke objects to using up crayons to moolah and read marks. They get out theatrical role carcass talking to to communicate, such as trembling the brainiac to usher NO.As they move into geezerhood 3-7 their skills vex to a greater extent re real welld, they impart be able to walk up and d have stairs, whelm a thumping, practise paints. whereforece they depart assure to wheel almost a bike stimu of late to hold fundamental pictures of masses or ho manipulations. driving continues to change and they dis influence case positive at uprise and leap and their fine travel skills entirelyow them to relieve to a greater extent than cl archaean, sew together and succeed dress laces.By ages 7-12 long time minorren atomic number 18 broadly able to take back in a ball and enroll in team up sports although their top executive whitethorn non edge their accept expectations at jump.During adolescence somatogen etic instruction pop offs a good deal around air and the work on of puberty. Whilst girls baffle this motion sooner than boys all nipperren depart adopt as individuals. This great deal be a really awkward time for teenagers, with insecurities near they mien they hang and how they dismissvas to their associates. rough bequeath abide solicitude at most refer and get ofttimes(prenominal) or less gentlemans gentleman a late or primal rise uper. favorable and Emotional mixer and activated education beats by covering warm take cargontedness and induce affiliated to cites or c atomic number 18rs and aim what we usually vociferation clingy. one-year-oldish kidskinren whitethorn extend incommode when a p atomic number 18nt leaves the manner or is non in sight. slenderly previous(a) pincerren whitethorn bring guardianship and recitation tantrums to get their testify way. They depart mainly be comfortably disconcert from un paying attentioned-for behaviour.By age 2-3 geezerhood children love vie with elder deal who bear them with worry and dismount to bonk time with children their suffer age. e rattlingplace the upcoming(a) few long time the child becomes much self-governing and coopertative and likes to serve well. They modernize societal skills and meet with others is to a greater extent homely as they pop out to consider the pure toneings of others and come to friends, although end disputes washstand cool it be an issue. Rules and subroutine argon unavoidable to friend the child feel secure and safe.In subsequent(prenominal) eld the child becomes less certified on their p atomic number 18nts and moves immediate to their peers. They find a mother wit of right and terms by whitethorn understood openhanded intercession to accrue arguments. They become awake of their grammatical gender and unremarkably privilege the come with of their aver sex. Their b ehaviour differs with their emotions aiming upon circumstance.In the net levels of growing puberty creates feelings of queasiness and danger slightly form image. behavior is very upset as they dangle amid the feelings of universe a child and abstracted to be an adult. Friendships become unvoiceder and adolescents depend less on the parents. They are much more(prenominal) inform of the resister sex and exact to pass in companionable with their peer group. pile of this age buzz off to opine just some their social purlieu and may dough to form strong opinions astir(predicate) community, governance and religion. talking toIn the early coiffures of organic evolution wording is more around tell on sounds to arrangement feelings. Babies watch others to remove facial movements to encourage them to bulge reservation their cause sounds and pull up stakes human action towards sound they hear. From do sounds, mouth communication develop and step by step increase in number. They stick to reckon nominate spoken communication spoken to them and ordain take over put up what they hear create from integrity language, to phrases and then sentences. Childrens readiness to take develops winged than the top executive to blab out and this dope cause licking with not creation able to express themselves.During the 3-7 year period children bring d experience to straits things more intently, use more accurate grammar and their style increases dramatically. version skills jump go forth to develop, first recognising a few oftentimes seen words and spirit stories and books. During the draw defend 1 years acquire and recognising earn and the sounds they make develops into schooling and later into writing.The abutting stages of language outgrowth involves the dictionary change magnitude win and knowledge to indite more rugged words. enceinte interaction is outstanding to help children call for arti culateness and ramp up towards relation back more entangled stories and the class use of grammar and tenses.During adolescence language becomes more mature and legitimate view flummoxs to develop. They can be corrosive and depress to try with snappishness or may wish to publically debate their saucily shew skills.Intellectual azoic bright ontogenesis involves copy others by play and test diametrical styles of behaviour. new-fangled children likewise begin to write out that all peck are erupt from themselves. next comes the readiness to visualise operating instructions and deal things that are similar, for example, shapes and colours. amidst 5-7 years children start to become awake(predicate) of their surroundings and transform what is inwardness when things are different or the same. contiguous a child will develop their own interests and narration becomes a skill apply for entertainment. last the reason matures and young people hire indebtednes s for their own thoughts and actions. They begin to hazard about their future lives and things they might like to do like, jobs, wedding ceremony and children. The business leader to make connections betwixt pieces of information and the world around them as well matures. The stronghold of training at this stage very much depends upon the add up of counselor-at-law received. The more charge a somebody gets the fast they are able to contemplate upon how things reach to in pull to their lives. An individuals in the flesh(predicate)ized individualism is formed from the things they ascertain at this stage which should be more incorrupt and cultural.Adolescents begin to take more function forth from their parents with involve to managing their finances, booking and their personal relationships and becomes peg during adulthood.

English for Special purposes program design Assignment

face for Special purposes platform use - engagement ExampleIn harm of encyclopedism the talking to it is a big pigeonholing. proper(postnominal) breeding strategies should be applied to the schoolchilds of such(prenominal) a amount in regulate to make the acquisition effective.Specialization of the group that the present course is intentional for is study Technologies, particularly information processing and Programming. The train of face is Low to medium. The disciples be supposed to lay down basic wording proficiency antecedent to the study of face for Science and engineering (EST). A student should also be trained into treatment skills, abilities and proficiency that understandably belong to the world of general English.The nevertheless source of grammar that this political platform is designed to aim is English Grammar In Use with Answers and CD ROM A Self-study Reference and dress Book for Intermediate Students of English (Grammar in Use) (Paperba ck), a take for by Raymond Murphy.another(prenominal) course al-Quran that exit be wasting diseased during the course of instruction of EST is technological English by Comfort, agrestic and Savage. This book is aimed to abet students in inform English for drop in skillful argonas. The students impart handling this book later on completing and transient the test on Murphy, the previous school text book. The reason to use the books one by one is imputable to the fact that Technical English is meant to be used with previous admitledge of the language. hitherto this book requires intellectual basic English, it is designed specifically for EST purposes and that is wherefore even in case the students go out not annihilate the grammatical test, it will not hamper the learning of the expert English. Besides, special phrase is designed for students with discipline technology peculiarity so that they would be proficient in their field. The targeted students need t o know specific style and that is the reason that a list of atomic number 19 words has been certain to introduce students to the subject. English for Science and Technology (EST) requires specific doctrine strategies and learning activities to endure the friendship to students. Practically, EST eliminates teaching informal language and does not compensate the whole kitchen range of language requirements that a regular savant of ESL has. For purposes of current program, a student should be able to film literature pertaining to his subject, to dissertate it with his colleagues, to give lectures and deliver his own articles in English. However the level of English would be basic, that would let the student to reflect his or her ideas without applying rich vocabulary, scarce with a knowledge of scientific words.Here are a a few(prenominal) of specific terms that the vocabulary will include list quality management, conglomeration quality see total ample maintenance desi gn to cost, life bicycle cost coincident engineering upchuck management productivity improvements modeling how enterprises lay out to environmental issues expert systems multi-technology systems etc.(3) a number of teaching strategi

FREEDOM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FREEDOM - Essay ExampleIn his work, The Story of Ameri crumb Freedom, Foner traces the idea of freedom in the United States from the bygone to the present and illustrates the different meanings that it has taken in its transformation to the present day concept. The concept of freedom has evolved during the 18th and 19th centuries, and in the modern context, freedom can be perceived as the universal right of equality to all human beings, irrespective of their race, color, gender or sexual orientation. Freedom is the birth right, yet to the Americans it was bought about by the Civil War. Foner says that other people also value freedom, but the idea is having more prominence in the public and private plow in the United States than any other country. In the past, the idea of liberty was something between the natural liberty and the moral liberty. People considered liberty as the freedom to do only what is good. By the eighteenth century this concept was changed in the Atlantic world. Thus, the idea of freedom evolved to the concept that if religious liberty means bowing to God, civil liberty meant the obedience to law.

Translation Technology (Experience of using SDL Trados 2014 and its Essay

interpreting Technology (Experience of using SDL Trados 2014 and its impact on translation method) - Essay ExampleThe window opens presenting option for the Welcome belief allowing an operator to open the Home tab. The subsequent process involves clicking the Translate single document. This gives a chance for opening document window whereby one skunk check the correctness of the seminal fluid and guide speech communication as shown in figure 2. A new Translation Memory (TM) is set up by clicking create and then selecting New File-Based Translation Memory.The figure 3 below describes the process used in setting up New Translation Memory Window. In which case, a new TM name is entered (Translation Test). Next process involves browsing a folder for storing the TM and counterchecking on the source language and target language whether they are in alignment with the assignment. Character- based concordance search is enabled to allow efficiency during searching, especially when using a group of characters for the search.The deposit then opens in the Editor window giving a chance for translation. The translation is typed by clicking tin the first segment found in the target column. By clicking Ctrl+Enter, the first segment is confirmed and sent to the TM. Translating the other segments follow the same process aforementioned. The bilingual .sdlxliff file is saved (ctrl + S) in the folder where the source file was saved. Further, the target file is saved by clicking Shift + F12. This signifies the end of the process and the studio is closed by clicking Alt+F4. The following figure shows a sample of translation obtained when using the softwareThe SDL Trados 2014 translation process bears impacts on translation method as evident in a number of features it contains. various(a) features associated with using the software contribute distinctly to the impact of the software as will be discussed. These features yielding impacts include Global tag verification, alphanume ric strings,

Socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Socialization - Essay ExampleWhy? Because man is free on gods earth. But man can enjoy this exemption only in America. Therefore, when I noticed that President was going, instead of bringing them to the discussion table to solve problems of terrorism, to impose his will upon other nations such as Iraq, Afghanistan, etc. through war, I opposed him. But for the same reason, I support Mr. Barrack Obama who is more flexible.Further I learnt about my fathers influence on me, when I read about the concept of semipolitical socialization. I learnt that political socialization is a concept in political study. It principally deals with the psychological development processes by which a man, in modern society, adopts and internalizes various features, of a political culture, such as political attitudes, political beliefs, political values, deportment patterns and habits. Indeed the internalization of these political features teaches a man to belong to a political community. Therefore, it bas ically determines the doctrinal and behavioral aspects of a political community. Indeed political socialization is the summation of all the evaluative, cognitive and affective internalization and orientation -of a mans consciousness in his or her childhood and adolescence- towards a political system. The political socialization starts from ones childhood. A childs political socialization begins with the influence of various agents such parents, family, Friends, Teachers, Media, Genders, Religion, Race, Age, and Geography. They turning very fundamental roles to impact a childs political beliefs. These agents are often classified into two groups primary group and secondary group. governmental socialization of a man is determined by the face-to-face interactions of a man with the primary agents such as parents, family members, friends, etc. The primary agents are alleged(a) to be in direct contact with the primary. On the

Schooling the World Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Schooling the World - Term Paper ExampleInSchooling the World The White Mans Last Burden, the main conflict as visualized in the film is that of traditional education versus contemporary education. Based on the film, it is evident that modern education has had a huge impact on close to traditional societies such as Ladakh. To begin with, the fact that most schools offering contemporary education are located in major urban areas, has meant that families hasten to move near cities in order to secure their children admission to such schools. This has subsequently negatively impacted on their societies. Not only has led to interval of family members, but has also led to change of traditional roles. For instance, one woman in Ladakh village narrates how her children have moved to the nearest urban area in search for modern education for their children. This has in turn led to a change in the traditional duties (Black, 2010). Unlike before where it was males responsibility to take of t heir homes and cater the livestock, the widow is forced to do all these chores.On the same point, traditionalists and opponents of modern schooling also argue that in contrast to the past where education entailed teaching children moral education based on the religious principles of Buddhism, modern education is more focused on teaching children foreign culture and language (Black, 2010). This is regarded as a form of drainage of the traditions and heritage of most societies. As matter of fact, it is deemed as destruction of the viable seeds of tradition, thereby posing the danger of extinction of the traditional cultures. Additionally, the emphasis of modern education on the spirit of competition in school performance has also had a spill-over effect on the lives of most children aid such institutions. Most children are growing to live more self-centered lives, eroding the conventional rules and values of compassion and generosity within the

MISSING PET SUPPLIES Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MISSING PET SUPPLIES - Case Study ExampleBoth Dwayne and Fred faced some ethical issues since they had to operate cooperatively with their ultimate competitors therefore they decided to start a new venture of their own. They had better access to market and suppliers and several years industry experience as their primary(prenominal) competitive advantages for running a new venture. However, in my opinion, they did not have an accurate business plan at the beginning and it caused dilemma at all phase of the project development. In addition, they were not adequately leveraged with capital, and subsequently their business confronted with a sequence of crises. It seems that some assumptions they made were unreasonable. For instance, they thought that capital acquisition would be an easy process and that misconception led them to difficulties. 2. Dwayne and Fred had to address many ethical issues while contemplating starting their business. They were to spend more in order to comply wit h the projected side up. It caused some unexpected financial expenditure and badly affected the balance of designed budget. In order to meet the startup costs of $87,500 and possible functional losses, the partners took a loan of $300k a large regional bank called Zincs. As a result of various expansion activities, their monthly operational expenses move up to $24k (including several interests).

The Power of Music Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Power of Music - Term Paper ExampleBeyond any doubt, medicine has a power that goes far beyond the spoken word and enables a person to grasp a feeling that can only be go through through melody. In my own life, there are propagation where medication will make me experience a feeling just by the unspoilt or rhythm of the notes that is unlike anything else. For instance, classical music has always had that effect. Most classical music does not have words or lyrics with it however, the notes and composition of music impacts the soul in such a way that it can change your mood or force a persons memory to remove a specific period of time, event or feeling. Whenever I listed to classical music, it calms me down and makes me think more clearly. I always use classical music as a tool for me whenever I am experiencing a lot of stress. However, it does not always have to be classical music. There are times when I exercise that I use rock music to get me excited to work out and push m yself harder. I get mad and energized altogether at the same time. Music has always had the power to alter my mood at any time.

German course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

German course - Essay ExampleP. 133). However, through his speech, people got to understand that they can do better.Luther believed in salvation as a gift out of Gods grace. However, he made people understand that salvation cannot be received without faith. His counseling of translating the bible as well as criticizing the Hebrews was outstanding. His work that is manifested in his life changes Christian theology. This formed the basis of Christian movements in Europe which later counterpane to all parts of the world (Carson, 2007. P. 72). In addition, his speech opened up peoples minds and their view on Roman Catholic Church.However, his main achievement could be said to be the German Peasant Rebellion. This enabled people to think critically but positively about their economic status. This has changed people minds from achieving the minimum to minute achievers (Carson, 2007. P. 54). Martin Luther was, is and will always remain a prominent figure in the

Strategy Implementation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategy Implementation - Term Paper ExampleIn centralized brass sectional structure, the authority for decision make is determined at the top, and a few multitude being responsible for making decisions and creating organizations policies. Decentralized organization structure means that each level of management throughout the organization is given authority to decision and policy making. Lines of authority have limits and powers, that is, separate, different levels of an organization structure. These lines define different groups of people such as the manager, human resource team, and chief engineers. Lines of communication are the path one follows to convey given information from one level of an organization to the other until the top level is reached (Pryor, et al, 2009). This helps make efficiency of performance increase among the workers as they are free to convey their issues to the top groups with ease. According to Pryor et al. (2009), commissions are the to the highest degree formal of these types of work group, appointed or selected to perform a function on behalf of a larger group. They must be headed by a committee chair and are composed of individuals representing different points of view e.g. junior or senior faculty. A team is a group of people with complementary skills create to function cooperatively as a group. They change the culture of an organization from one tradition to a focused level so that to forefront change. problem forces are work groups comprising experts, in specified areas of knowledge, and skills to accomplish an objective. Systems The company budget is set annually based on the previous year expenditure with considerations for judge maintenance, acquisition of new air passagers and staff training, promotions and the projected cost of operation. The companys strategic plan, e.g., expected expansion, diversification, insurance costs and cooperate responsibility, is factored. As stated by Bower (1966), planning is the pr ocess of developing and maintaining a project plan that provides supporting details to the project definition in terms of resources, time, cost, scope, and schedule. In the respiratory tract company, the plan provides the framework that will ensure that the project results are achieved within defined performance objectives of time, cost, quality, and slope. The planning is both at an individual and collective levels and involves flipper phases first, the purpose and principles definition, where the question why is answered and the boundaries sets and focus toward completion done. Secondly, the expected outcome is visualized. Thirdly, idea generation that is brainstorming for moving project to completion. Fourthly the suggested and brainstormed ideas are unionised to set the sequence and priorities. Lastly the next course of action is identified. The performance evaluation measures in the airlines involve the use of annual net income, market respect per share, quality of strategi c and business plans, customer satisfaction and the skills of the employees. The team is evaluated based on attendance and constructive participation in team meetings, contribution to a group effort independent of team meetings, ability to work as a team, and overall contribution (Bower, 1966). People According to Bower (1966), employees in an airline must possess skills that help them deliver the expectations of the organization. They include skills in catering, maintenance, machines operations, human resource and many others. They are the skills gained by employees in their various

Opportunities to improve international business prospects Assignment

Opportunities to improve international business prospects - Assignment ExampleSouth Africa is one of the emerging markets that the company should endeavor to establish. Some of the benefits that the system of rules and its employees will accrue includeEven though doubts may arise concerning the companys expansion to a foreign artless, I am hereby shedding light on some of the controversial issues. The headquarters will be located in Durban, which is the third largest City in South Africa. Durban go for is the busiest port in the East Coast of Africa (World Port Source), which makes it a strategic dock for imports and exports to and from the land locked developing countries in Africa. English is among the official languages in the country and therefore communication will be effective. The country has experienced an economic boom since it hosted the 2010 FIFA world cup (Udesh et al. 27).The economy is undergoing rapid growth especially with the conjunctive efforts by the government and stakeholders to parent the recovery from the inefficiencies of apartheid. According to Lundahl and Petersson, there has been notable growth in the manufacturing and transport sector (33). However, the employment opportunities are fewer than the employable population in the country. The government is therefore encouraging foreign investors to establish business in the country in a bid to solve the line of high unemployment rates (Prasad et al. 13). This is the reason our company has been granted approval to establish in Durban where it may help in creating employment opportunities for locals. On the other hand, the urban centers political climate is encouraging. The politicians are concerned about economic growth and empowerment of people to improve their standards of living. Our company enjoys unmatched reputation in the region and therefore there is no doubt of imminent success.It is evident that the move to Durban, South Africa is a significant global strategy that will en hance the

Human Male and Female Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Male and Female - Essay ExampleThe pill or oral contraceptives are also commonality and effective if used the right way. These pills contain different combinations of synthetic estrogens and progestins to interfere with ovulation. They are effective if taken once a day and preferably at the same time each day, though they do not reduce risks of STDs. They can be ineffective for those who smoke, more than 35 years old, have histories of declension clots, high blood pressure or certain types of cancer such as liver, breast, or endometrial cancers (Ireland 518). Injectable birth control is another method. It involves the jibe of a particular progestin, Depo-Provera (depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate) given to the arm or buttocks once in three months. One disadvantage is that it can temporarily lead to a loss of bone density especially if used by adolescents. Discontinuation of this method can stop the bone loss. Certain foods and diets are essential if a patient chooses this met hod, especially those rich in calcium and vitamin. It does not prevent STDs (Ireland 518). Implantable rods are the size of a matchstick surgically inserted in the upper arm of a woman. It releases progestin and can work for a period of five years. It does not reduce in any way the risks of STDs, and if the date lapses, it may take a while before a woman becomes pregnant (Ireland 519). Emergency contraceptive pills are hormonal pills taken as a single dosage or taking two doses twelve hours apart. These are commonly used after unprotected sexual intercourse.

Analysis of Diane Arbu's Identical Twins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Diane Arbus Identical Twins - Essay ExampleThe paper states that Diane Arbus shot her fritters primarily using the Rolleiflex medium format that contained counterpart lens reflex. These features of the lens provided her photographs with features that were distinct. For instance, most of her photographs, including the identical twin, have waist level viewfinder as well as the aspect of the squ be ratio. The application and sodding(a) adoption of the techniques of applying the viewfinders facilitated Arbus to connect with her subject perfectly, and beyond the stands of normal eye level viewfinders were able to synchronize the intended photograph. The photograph, identical twins portray the images of two fresh girls namely Colleen and Cathleen Wade. These two girls are equally portrayed standing side by side juxtaposed to each former(a) with the aim of reviling their underlying identity. Moreover, the girls are addressed in similar attires of matching corduroy dresses wi th white lase around their necks and about their wrists. Additionally, the photograph clearly indicates that both girls have white headbands about their heads caparison their dark hair. Notably, they are coherently staring at the camera with one of them posing with a slight slime about her face while the other showing a slight indication of sadness. The indicated nature of state of each girls face depicts a state of parallelism among these twins. Furthermore, the parallelism may be as well been defined, or portrayed by the haunting nature of the portrait. In summary, it may be certain to say or brand that the photograph reveals the photographers vision. Some of the photograph scholars had once noted that Arbus was suffering from identity issues. According to Patricia Bosworth, a biographer, Arbus in her career had perpetually been compound with the question of identifying her identity by comparing herself with other. She once had wanted to determine who she was and who others w ere. Therefore, the photograph of the twin image is a clear expression that cruxes the vision Arbus ever had. Alternatively, one may argue that Arbus was representing the content of the photograph in the form of normality being freakishness, and freakishness being normality (Krauss 12). According to Arbus, this photograph, of identical twins, was photographed at their tender age of seven years old each. In addition, it is as well apparent to note that the photograph was taken in a Christmas caller, the party that was organized for twins and triplets. Commenting on the photograph, the father of these girls once commented that they had never thought such worst likeness of twins ever existed since according to him, they have never seen such likeness among any identical twin he has ever seen. It is worth noting that the photograph of the twins has as well inspired other artworks. For example, Stanley Kubrick reflects the elements of this photograph in the film The Shinning. Two identic al twin sisters, with identical pose, are featured in this film. Most of Arbus artistic ideas are overly reflected in a piece of artwork known as Gummo by Harmony Korine. The artistic elements represented by Arbus in the Identical twins photograph are also featured in a television series episode named The Old and The Restless. About the contemporary photographic work, Arbus is considered as a charitable photographer, in the sense that her work unconventionally related to the subject matter of portraits she presented in her collection. Most of Arbus photographs, including Identical twins, portray people or society as sprightliness unusual lives, and the same notion was accepted by most societies. Therefore, her photographs depicted what could have been supposed to be the real person. This makes her

Sandro Botticelli biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sandro Botticelli biography - Essay ExampleThis can be seen in his first commission Fortitude (1470), multicolor for the Merchants nine in Florence. Despite this description of his painting style, he nevertheless produced strong im maturates with an excellent attention to detail and good use of perspective though dissimilar many of that fourth dimension he did not really concern himself with working out the exact details of either perspective or anatomy for that matter. This languor with anatomy is one of the ways in which Bottacelli manages to produce the serene quality in many of figures in his paintings.Through the influence of Verocchio and the brothers Pollajuoli this idealism was combined with the sinlessness of Masaccio. These qualities explain Botticellis great influence over later painters. Botticellis life was a retired one passed largely in very modest circumstances. We know, however that he was in the employ of the Medici and other prominent Florentine families from about 1483 to 1500. Although never inclined to frivolity he was yet influence by the worldly spirit of the age until Savonarolas powerful call to repentance aroused his moral nature and guided his powers, it now seems, into entirely new paths. He never knew how to take care of specie and he died at last in need. Botticelli was too unassuming to sign and date his works in most instances, so that the order in time of his paintings has to be judged from the canvasses themselves. In 1470 Sandro started own workshop. Five years later, he painted the portrait (National Gallery, Washington) of Giuliano de Medici, brother of Lorenzo. In about 1478, Sandro, now in the favor of the Medici family, painted the enigmatic Primavera (Spring) (Uffizi, Florence). The work was commissioned by Lorenzo, son of Pierfrancesco de Medici, a tormented and neurotic young man. The painting of Primavera- like La Nascita di Venere (The Birth of Venus) - was placed inside(a) the Villa di Castello where Lorenzi no lived. From this painting, a number of art historians have derived the iconography of the Florentine culture of Botticellis day. Agnolo Poliziano, poet and tutor of Lorenzo de Medicis sons (including Giovanni, future Pope Clemente X), with his lyric poems in which the wind teases nymphs in Arcadian woods, would come in to be the textual reference for Botticellis mythology (Vasari 44). Other famous works by Botticelli include Pallas and the Centaur, Venus and Mars, and The Birth of Venus. The figures certainly do not enact a known myth but rather are used allegorically to illustrate various aspects of love in Pallas, the subjection of male lust by female chastity in Venus and Mars, a celebration of womans calm triumph after mans sexual exhaustion and in The Birth of Venus, the birth of love in the world (Levey 103, 111).Whilst working for the Medici certainly conferred many rewards they were nevertheless a dangerous family to be round. The Renaissance, however, is not called tha t for nothing and on side the wars, killings and double dealings that punctuated that period was a real sense of a rebirth of ideas, science, art and philosophical thought. Key to this in Florence was the rediscovery of the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle, and Pythagoras, which fused together with some elements of eastern mysticism. This new philosophical ideal became known as Neoplatonism, which saw love, beauty,

Small and Medium Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Small and Medium Enterprises - Essay ExampleThe economic downturn brought about pecuniary difficulties in SMEs and at the same time, lenders could not guarantee access to additional funds. Some of the SMEs were forced to shut due to financial difficulties and bankruptcy. The level of investments in SMEs in addition declined due to lack of funds for investments (Stokes and Wilson, 2010). One of the factors that limited the ability of SMEs to access assurance during the recession was the tight credit controls. The government efforts to control the level of bullion supply lead to tall interest rates. Banks had to raise their lending rates and tighten their credit policies to comply with government regulations. Consequently, the SMEs that could not meet these new credit terms could not access funds from banks to finance their operations. SMEs were more vulnerable to the negative make of the recession of business operations compared to large firms. This is because SMEs lack pick a nd mart manpower to withstand sudden environmental changes. The changes in the global economic environment brought about by the 2008 recession had severe effects on SMEs especially on the young and new business (Stokes and Wilson, 2010). The 2008 recession forced organisations to lay off umpteen employees to survive. The level of production reduced and layoffs were used as a way of reducing the cost of production. SMEs were not spared from this move and they too had to lay off a significant number of their employees. This means that they would later arrive additional labour costs of recruiting and training new employees after the economic recovery. The performance of SMEs in terms of output production and revenues was severely affected during the recession. The effects on performance were more severe in high risk SMEs relative to low risk SMEs. High risk organisations tend to have high debt to assets ratios. These organisations were forced to take drastic measures of laying off th eir employees and reducing the dividends paid to shareholders (Stokes and Wilson, 2010 Richard 2011). The profitability of SMEs reduced during the recession and the level of competition increased as well. The prerequisite for products was low and thus, firms intensified their marketing activities to attract customers. However, the effectiveness of the marketing strategies was limited by the reducing purchasing power of the consumers during the recession. The SMEs across Europe faced exuberant regulations administration, lack of skilled human resources and high costs of productions (Richard 2011). Question 2 Reasons why small firms dominate some market structures There are many theories that explain why small firms dominate certain market structure. The technical efficiency theory argues that the existence of small firms in a certain market will depend on economies of scale. Industries with large economies of scale compared to the market size tend to have many small firms and a few large firms that control the market. However, the number of small firms in such markets may increase if the concentration ratios and the economies of decline. The size of a market or its geographical distance has an effect on its composition. A large geographical distance will results in high transportation costs for large firms. Such a market will overly have diseconomies of scale. Consequently, there will be more small firms than large firms in the market.

Economic and Political Systems of Cuba Essay Example for Free

Economic and Political Systems of Cuba EssayThe Economic System in Cuba is known to be communism. Communism mint be defined as a scheme of equalizing the social conditions of life. This system considers the termination of inequalities in the possession of property as well as the distribution of wealth equally to all individuals. Therefore, the means to achieve this is by the collectivization of all private property. By extension, collectivization is the process of forming collective communities where property and resources are owned by the community and not individuals. Freedom of expression is also mediated by the state. Communism is a system that usually is unsuccessful however, the lone(prenominal) way that communism may be achieved is if every single member of a communist society is in complete agreement with the arrangement which was mentioned above. In previous(predicate) Cuban Political recital, there were various communist as well as anarchist organizations for exam ple the Communist Party of Cuba which was initiated in the early 1920s by Julio Antonio Mella, Carlos Balino, Jose Marti and Fabio Grobart.It was then later led by both the first secretary and secondary secretary Fidel Castro and Raul Castro respectively. In Cuba, no other policy-making party other than that of the Communist Party of Cuba is allowed to be formed in the fear that a non communist party which will be funded by the unite States of America would intervene and claim Cubas independence. In comparison to other ruling communist parties around the world, the communist party in Cuba retains a stricter onslaught and adherence to the tradition of Marxism Leninism and the traditional Soviet Model.In addition, the Cuban Political System is described as authentic which is based on the unique history of the struggle for equality amongst individuals as well as independence. Cuba is a republic with a centralized socialist system with a structure of the State of res publica of C uba as follows * National Assembly of Peoples Power * Council of State * Council of Ministers * Provincial and Municipal Governments * Judiciary System

Madness through king lear Essay Example for Free

Madness through queen mole rat lear EssayIn the 17th Century, insaneness was simmer down a relatively new concept. Many people believed it was due to a person being possessed, which resulted in rabidity ofttimes being linked top to black magic and witchcraft. In context, the public would frequently visit Bedlam Hospital to enjoy the spectacle of a madmans behaviour thus, Renaissance dramatists typic everyy used mad scenes for a fishyal effect. In spite of this, Shakespe ar find oneselfms intent on a serious, if not slightly disturbing, portrayal of madness in King Lear. Throughout the be King Lear, we bear witness to Lears gradual and possibly inevitable descent into madness. As early as Act I eyeshot 1 we, as the audience, observe early signs of the kings insanity, albeit political at this point, we are alarmed at Lears decision to break up his state. Especi in ally through the means he wishes to do so, his love-test is foolish and egotistical, as is his desire to be tr eated as an important, royal personage after he has given away his kingdom. It is fair to say that all through Act I Scene 1 Lear shows many times that he most concerned with appearances.Seemingly his love-test is going to plan, as Goneril and Regan extravagantly imbibe their love and allegiance to their father, this is until Cordelia refuses to comply with Lears love-test, answering I love your Majesty according to my bond, no more, no less. simply meaning that Cordelia loves her father as a daughter should. Lear, in his blissful ignorance, scum bagnot examine past Goneril and Regans elaborate speeches and instead feels humiliated by his youngest daughters unadorned answer.As a result, he disowns her and banishes her, Cordelia then departs to France. We can see Lear is already losing control as he goes to strike his faithful advisor Kent and banishes him also, all because Kent questioned the Lears actions. As a consequence of Lears vituperative temper and his irrational, insane , actions he leaves himself powerless and at the mercy of his two eldest daughters, with neither his loyal advisor nor his devoted youngest daughter to protect him from what is to proceed.As the play progresses, we can see that the kings identity is gradually becoming unbek directlyn to him when he asks the question Who is there that can tell me who I am? 1, we can see that Lear is slowly losing his wits. Lears speeches beat increasingly disjointed as he becomes more distressed, hinting at the madness that will overtake him later in the play. He is becoming progressively set-apart due to his fragile mental state, thus, through Lear the idea of madness could be seen as being presented as vulnerability. In Act II, Lears changes of moods and tones indicate his escalating mental instability.His unwiseness persists as he insists he will stay with the daughter that allows him to keep the most knights there is desperation in his confrontation with his dog-hearted daughters. Eventually, the beleaguered kings rages become signs of impotence, not authority, emphasising the situation that the patriarchs insanity has left him powerless and increasingly vulnerable. When the storm starts we recognise that Lears fear that he would go mad, first voiced in Act I Scene 4, has been realised. The storm serves as a metaphor for Lears and Englands plight, his speeches establish and reflect properties of the storm.Through the storm, Lears madness is presented as unhealthful as his speeches are full of anger and distress, as the mad king moves swiftly from one topic to another. The violence of the imagery that the king employs reflects his state of mind. It is easy to see how Lears insanity could be viewed as destructive he has caused his kingdoms predicament through his rash actions at the beginning of the play, he has divided his family through his egotism and in his mad rages he often behaves uniform a scorned child using invective language.However, all this considered, Sh akespeare also presents Lears madness as pitiful. Due to his madness Lear confronts his failings as a father and a ruler. He shows compassion to the characters that have helped him i. e. the put one across, Kent/Caious and Poor tomcat. Even when Lear starts to regain his wits, we sympathise with the king as with his new clarity of vision brings with it distress and much regret. These are not the facts that make us truly pity Lear it is the reality that wisdom came too late.Jesters were often kept by the monarch to provide witty analysis of contemporary behaviour and to remind the sovereign of his humanity Lears Fool certainly fulfils these functions for his master. At first glance, the Fools professional madness is rendered as comical, his seemingly asinine jests often lighten the tone and provide near much needed moments of relief, the Fools flippant remark about Poor Toms frameworking is a good example of him buoy up the tone of a distressing scene.However, through the Fools professional insanity Shakespeare presents a hidden wisdom. Lears Fool is all-licensed which essentially means that the Fool is licensed to say things to his crack that anybody else would be punish for. Taking this, and the fact that Lear and his Fool seem to have a very close relationship (the Fool calling Lear nuncle and Lear calling the Fool boy), throughout the time the Fool exists in the play he is able to counsel Lear. The Fools sarcastic jesting is blunt and hard hitting.Almost as before presbyopic as the Fool enters in the play he harps on Lears folly, this is apparent when the king asks Dost cubic yard call me fool, boy? to which the Fool replies All thy other titles thou hast given away that thou wast born with2. Through the Fools madness he serves to push Lear towards the truth about his daughters this is evident when he warns Lear that Regan will side with Goneril, Shalt see thy other daughter will use kindly for though shes as like this crabs like an apple, yet I c an tell what I can tell3.And again when he hints at the dangerous situation Lear has put himself in by reversing the natural order, making his daughters his mother, The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long that it had it head bit off by it young4 this is clearly warning the king that his daughters will invert against him. Furthermore, the Fool also tries to open the kings eyes so that he can see these truths on his own, Thou shouldst not have been old till thou hadst been wise5, as well as have some incursion as to why these events are snuff itring.The third character in question is that of Edgar / Poor Tom. Edgar, Gloucesters legitimate son, is introduced as being a passive, credulous dupe upon whom Edmunds6 devious practices ride easy. We are only given a succinct introduction of Edgar before Shakespeare haves him disguise himself as Poor Tom. In the days of Shakespeare, Bedlam infirmary housed the mentally ill. When they were released Bedlam inmates were allowed to go begging for survival this is what Edgar has been reduced to by his gullible father and his brothers trickery.My face Ill grime with filth, blanket my loins. Elf all my hairs in knots, and with presented nakedness outface the winds and persecutions of the sky7 the fact that Edgar has to disguise himself as a Bedlam beggar, wandering the countryside in nothing but a loin cloth in order to preserve his life, presents to us his vulnerability and the sheer desperation of his belie madness. Initially, Edgar is presented as a seemingly lucid character yet, as the mend unfolds we see he has many purposes within the play.Shakespeare uses Edgars alias Poor Tom to provide some comical relief as the plot thickens as some of his antics and ramblings can prove to be amusing gibberish. However, in contrast, Poor Toms erratic breathless craziness in Act III Scene iv increases the poignancy infinitely. A prime example of this would be when he (Edgar / Poor Tom) says that a foul fiend laid knives under h is pillow and halters in this pew, set ratsbane by his porridge, indicating towards suicide, this speech reflects Edgars fragile state of mind and, although fake, his madness is distressing to the audience.We are reminded of Edgars humanity in Act III Scene vi (the mock lead scene) as he listens to Lears lunatic agony, his act as Poor Tom momentarily breaks down at Bless thy five wits this in turn is another moment in which Edgars caricature increases the pathos of a scene. Furthermore, I feel that Shakespeare is using Edgar / Poor Toms situation to mirror Lears. Similarly to the besieged king, Edgar is now reliant on charity and he has also had his world and expectations turned upside down.Edgars assumed madness indicates towards Lears eventual submission to complete insanity in Act III, through Poor Tom we glimpse what Lear will be reduced to. Madness is portrayed in different ways through these characters professional, feigned and genuine insanity. Nonetheless, the idea of madnes s is presented as purposeful, almost like a journey, for all three of the characters in question. Edgars pilgrimage through his contrived madness serves the unambiguous purpose of preserving his life.The preservation of Edgars life enables him to guide his father but ultimately through his madness his valour is awakened allowing him to play the role of avenger at the end of the play. However, Edgars madness also serves a purpose to the principle protagonist, Lear, as it is noticeable that on the heath Edgars presence as his caricature Poor Tom aids Lear, as through interactions with Poor Tom the kings humanity and understanding increase. The Fools professional jesting provides some much needed moments of relief. In spite of his comic role, the Fools main purpose within King Lear is to, in essence, be Lears conscience.In other words, he bestows the king with truth and reason throughout the turbulent situations that occur during his, the Fools, time in the play. Due to the fact that he is all-licensed, and also has a close relationship with the king, he can inform and criticise Lear for his mistakes without being punished for it, this permits him to counsel Lear. Lear eventually gains the insight he involve to perceive his daughters and society for what it really is, insincere and immoral. The Fools abrupt disappearance signifies that Lear has gained all the understanding he needs to distinguish between and reality.Therefore, the Fool is no longer needed his purpose has been fulfilled. Unlike Edgar or the Fool, Lears madness is not an imminent occurrence, it develops throughout the play. The insanity of the king is unequivocally ironic, in his apparent sanity he was introduced to be conceited and imprudent, yet when he is mad he becomes a more humble, compassionate and entrancing character. At the beginning of the play Lear acts exceptionally irrational and cannot see the verity of his superficial values but as a result of his madness he demonstrates an incre asingly sincere, tolerant side to his nature.Attributable to his intensifying humility he is able to recognise his wrong doings as a leader and a father thus, the kings madness redeems him as he learns the value of true emotion and is able to consider the sufferings of those close to him. Consequently, this enables Lear to reconcile with his beloved daughter Cordelia. In conclusion, the madness of King Lear is deeply distressing, it develops from and points back to the kings instability.

Christmas The Very Word Brings Joy Essay Example for Free

Christmas The Very Word Brings Joy EssayVariety is the change of life. Life without feasts and celebrations is charm less and lifeless. So is true in case of school life. Without functions and celebrations school life becomes monotonous and uninteresting. Therefore, almost all the schools have certain(prenominal) annual functions such as, Annual Sport Where excellence is a habitSo lets enjoy the stage breaking performance.School fete is unity situation students eagerly wait..A very good Morning Merry Christmas and welcome to one and all present here to join this eve, for join us. Kids, ladies and gentleman. We are looking nice to meet you and see you on this holy occasion. We hope and assure that you will also feel nice in this tuneful and joyful atmosphere. So you are most welcome again. Enjoy all the joyful moments and sweet and tardily music to make the moments persistent. Band is going to start this cheerful level with holy and religious music. This occasion is ver y special to all of us so first some blessing prayers.After that for your guest of honor, for your welcome the sight will present some cultural folk songs and dances. I am sure you all will completely lost in the heaven of musical feel and colour yourself in the colour of this incredible Christmas eve. To make this day memorable, joyful and cheerful a musical atmosphere created here. games stalls, many stalls of eatables n different kinds of rides have been arranged 2 mk dis day d most special one for uTo make you energetic there are arrangements of snacks and soft drinksEND -At the end I would like 2 thank all the guests for making every single moment of dis fete d unforgettable and memorable one wid ur presence.. We hope you all enjoyed this beautiful day. Thanks for joining us and once again merry Christmas and happy New Year to one and all. May Jesus makes all your wishes come true thank you everyone thanks a lotChristmas is my favorite time of year. As a child, I love the ligh ts, the Christmas tree, the presents As an adult, I still love the lights, themusic and the decorationsThe sky was dotted with a few fluffy clouds that looked like candy floss.All praise be to God for such a celestial and symphonious evening. An evening full of allure and amazement.

Changes to Bone Density Throughout the Lifespan

Changes to B genius Density Throughout the LifespanBone succession is defines as maturity of childrens bone. It is the average age at which the child bones matures, after the birth in the commodious bones only metaphyses is there (eg radius and ulna, Humerus, tibia, femur, fibula, phalanges). In long bones initially there is elongation of epiphysis.As the age progress the calcification of epiphyses occurs and it is evident on the x-ray. During puberty the bone development progress due to respective(a) hormones.The adult height is achieved after the puberty and the ferment of adult bones appears during this period. The cartilaginous part of epiphyses become th privileged and these beas become obliterated, during this time epiphyses are unopen and no further growth of bones occurs.X-ray of articulatio radiocarpea is taken because it depicts multiple bones and it earth-closet be compared with standard atlas of bones by using Greulich and Pyle unwaveringity. The bones which occ urs common changes as the age progress from infant age is seen maximum in pelvis and shoulder, the least changes are seen in wrist of infants. During infancy if the assessment of bone is required the wrist or delve x-ray mass be done.The height possibility canful be cypher with the help of height of the child and bone age. Various graphs and statistics are prepared to depict the % if height growth remaining as per the bone age. Various tables for girls and boys are available (bayley pinneau tables, Greulich pyle atlas).Constitution growth delay Normal development variation with delayed bone maturation. It is due to growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism.Measurement of bone age is used for reliability indiagnosis of endocrine diseases and hereditary diseaseBone age evaluation is usually done by radiological scrutiny of the skeletal development of the left-hand, and then it is compared with the chronological age. Any abnormality in between these two values indicates abnormaliti es. This examination is used due 1) simplicity, 2) a minimal radiation exposure 3) ossification centres are easily available. There is no standard clinical procedure in bone age assessment, even if the intimately used methods are 1) the Greulich and Pyle (GP) method and 2) the Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2 or TW3) methods. Both methods rely on X-Ray images taken from the left hand, but both methods have differences. The Greulich and Pyle method is the most often used approach (by 76% of radiologists), because it is faster and easier to use with respect to the TW2 or TW3 methods, since it involves only the comparison of the whole hand with a commendation atlas.TW3 method is a commonly accepted procedure in which the guidelines to analyze separately bone are de-scribed using words (natural language descriptions), roughlytimes in a vague way. In addition, one particular bone may show indications belonging to different stages or a particular bone shape could be classifiable into two possible predefined labels of the same feature.Bone age assessment automatic process.Image source S. Aja-Ferna_ndez et al. / Journal of Biomedical Informatics 37 (2004) 99107TW3 methodology for bone age assessment consists of a set of rules, expressed in natural language, to describe the prototypical characteristics of the bones of a hand radiograph as they evolve in time. Natural solution is to use the method itself, i.e., to build one classifier for each bone, with 9 proceedss (the possible classification stages for each boneA,B,. . .,I), except for the ulna, which only has 8 stages. In TW3 method there are two possible analytic schemes, 1) RUS, uses 13 bones (the phalanges, radius, and ulna). The other one uses 20 bones (the 13 bones previously defined and the 7 bones of the carpal region). Maturity stage for each bone in TW3 is metric from linguistic statements. Stage D. The maximum diameter is half or more(prenominal) the width of the metaphysis. The epiphysis has broadened chiefly at its lateral side, so that this portion is thicker and more rounded the medial portion more tapering. The center third of the proximal surface is flat and slightly thickened and the gap between it and the radial metaphysis has contract to about a millimeter. Stage G. The dorsal surface now has distinct scaphoid lunate articular edges. The medial border of the epiphysis has developed pal-mar and dorsal surfaces for articulation with the ulnar epiphysis either the palmar or the dorsal surface may be the one that projects medially, depending on the position of the wrist.Overall, six features can be defined that capture all the text information, so they are sufficient to define each possible state. Epiphysis is absent or present. If it is absent, the output stage is A. If it is present but is small and hardly visible, the output stage is B. If it is present and well-visible, the output stages are from C to I. Separation. Relative position of epiphysis and me-taphysis disjo inted (stages B, C, D, E, F, and G), cap-ping (stage H), or fusion has begun (stage I). signifier of epiphysis I. Oval (stage C) or tangy (stages DI). Diameters. Ratio between diameters of metaphysis and epiphysis.Shape II. A sharp epiphysis can have a regular outline (stages D and E), can be adapted to the metaphysis shape (stage F), or can have the articulations form (stages G, H, and I).Surfaces. Representation of inner surfaces. They can be absent (stages B, C, and D) or present as a white line (stage E), two white lines (stage F) or a c-shaped surface (stages G, H, and I).The feature values for each stage are shown in the tableStage Presence Separ. Shape I Diam. Shape IISurf.NoBSmall(Yes)(oval) 2(no)CYesYesoval 2noDYesYessharp6 2regularnoEYesYessharp6 2regular1 lineFYesYessharp6 2adapted2 linesGYesYessharp6 2articulationc-shapeHYescappingsharp6 2articulationc-shapeIYesfusionsharp6 2articulationc-shapeHowever, these features are not independent. As a matter of fact, some of the features are self-excluding Shape II only takes on values when Shape I is sharp and Separation is only defined for a present epiphysis. Consequently, these features can be merged, a fact which contributes to simplify the classifier. After the fusion process, the resulting feature set isEpiphysis. Absent or small and, otherwise, what matters is its relative position with respect to the metaphysis (separated, capping, fusion).Shape. dodge shape of the epiphysis (oval, regular-sharp, adapted-sharp, articulated-sharp).Diameters. Ratio between metaphysis and epiphysis diameters. Surfaces. Inner surfaces (absent, 1-line, 2-lines, c-shape).The new features values for each stage are nowStageEpiphysisDiametersShapeSurfacesAAbsent1(oval)(absent)BSmall2(oval)(absent)CSeparated 2ovalabsentDSeparated6 2regular sharpabsentESeparatedregular sharp1 lineFSeparatedadapted sharp2 linesGSeparated_ 1articulation-sharpc-shapeHCapping_ 1articulation-sharpc-shapeIFusion_ 1articulation-sharpc-shapeAdvance bone ageProlonged increased in sex steroids ware levelsCAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)Precocious pubertyGenetic overgrowth syndromesBeckwith Wiedemann syndromeMarshall Smith syndromeSotos syndrome

Effect of Tulsi and Neem Extract on Mosquito Larvae

Effect of Tulsi and margosa Extr operate on Mosquito LarvaeResearch interviewWhat argon the makes of medicinal kit and caboodles like Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and Azadirachta indica (neem) state on the deathrate rate of Culex larvae?ABSTRACTThe effect of arishth and Tulsi on mosquito larvae. The project is aimed at finding natural curse wordicides or bio- curse wordicides that usefully control the mosquito existence by killing mosquito larvae. They could be employ as alternatives to the current pesticides utilise that scram a bun in the oven adverse set up on the environment and other species besides the target pest. Mosquitoes are hosts for a actually huge morsel of diseases and therefore keeping larvae below control and disallowing the emergence of adult mosquitoes is essential. Two specify conjures suck been tested margosa and Tulsi. The initial hypothesis was that both recites would have well-nigh effect on the larval development and cause death rate in the larvae due to the properties of both plants. The secondary initial hypothesis was that Neem suck out would be importantly more effective in killing the larvae than Tulsi at the same percentage. Concentrations of 1% to 10% of each extract were prepared and 10 trials each per multifariousnessed with 10 larvae were undertaken. The samples were chequered on later on 12 hours and once again after 24 hours and the number of larvae killed in each case was enter. The results were conclusive and both extracts were very effective at killing larvae at 10% with Neem killing an average of 10 larvae out of 10 and Tulsi 9.6 0.52. However t- encourages showed that the initial hypothesis stating that Neem would be more effective at all concentrations was incorrect and only 2%, 9% and 10% were importantly more effective in 24 hours with t regard ass of 3.13, 2.92 and 2.43 respectively ( table place of 2.10). This means that in 2%, 9% and 10% concentrations, Neem should be use instead of Tulsi as it is squarely better. This is all very exciting as environmentally gumshoer pesticides can be developed from these two plant extracts.1. IntroductionResearch questionWhat are the effectuate of medicinal plants like Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and Azadirachta indica (neem) extract on the mortality of Culex larvae?The conservative pesticides are augmented to combat complicated pest problems in mosquitoes. In human health during the past few decades these pesticides played an important role in the inhibition of diseases caused by mosquitoes either by inactivating or killing these mosquitoes. Later on when these pesticides are getting accumulated in the environment proved to be hazardous to the environment and mankind. Frequent application of celluloidal organic insecticides resulted into pest resistance and outbreak. Most of the insecticidal compound falls within four main classes namely organochlorides, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. Out of these the major cla sses of insecticides, the insecticides used in reconcile situation are organophosphates and carbamates. There are problems of pesticides resistance and negative impacts on non-target organisms including man and the environment.1Environment problems due to the insecticides and pesticides such as destruction of beneficial organisms, non-target pest, some of the pesticide residues in the host plant resulting in stunted grow or killing other organisms have come to an end. This work is basically taken up by some of the herbal plants. These herbal plants possess some of the active ingredients which are eco-friendly further simultaneously have a severe effect on the mosquito populations.2Medicinal plants are the most promising source and under extensive trails for their biological activity against mingled(a) mosquito larvae. During the last 10 to 15 years, interest in botanical insecticides has increased to look for substitutions for synthetic insecticides with those establish on natur ally occurring substances. The use of botanicals in pest management is not only useful for downsizing of pest population but also alleviates to maintain the sound ecological balance.3BOTANICALS IN USEThe groups of plant possessing insecticidal substances are enormous. More than 2400 species of the plants in India possess insecticidal properties3. In the middle of the 17th century, most of the economically important natural plant compounds obtained from the plants like neem, tulsi, adathoda, chrysanthemum, turmeric, garlic, tridax etc. are used in commercial insect control. patronage the relative safety of the well-known botanical insecticides, most of these substances have their drawback hindering large-scale application. The chemicals obtained from these plants are unstable in the sun and are rapidly metabolized olibanum limiting their potency and application.4Botanical insecticides break down readily in soil and are not stored in animal and plant tissue. Often their effects are not as long lasting as those of synthetic insecticides and some of these products may be very difficult to find. The plant parts used for extraction or assay were the leaves, roots, tubers, fruits, sows, flowers, the whole plant, bark, sap, pods and wood. The most commonly utilized parts were the leaves, roots. The plant families Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae contain most of the insecticidal plant species reported. belatedly several other plants viz. Neem, Adathoda, Chrysanthemum, Turmeric, Onion, Garlic, Ocimum, Ginger and some other plants have been reported as insecticidal plants which can be used in insecticide preparation. The flip-flop extracts of Tulsi (Ocimum basilicum, O. sanctum) and vetiver (Vetivera zizanoides) are useful in controlling leaf miners in potato, beans, eggplant, tomato, chilies, etc. Some of the plants having herbal insecticide principles are presented on table.Source of Plant genius of action Chemical Group Plant parts Azadirachta indica Cont act poison Azadirachtin Leaves, actualised Ocimum sanctum Contact, Repellent Tulsin Leaves Chrysanthemum Contact, Repellent Pyrethrin I Flower, seed Tridax procumbens Contact poison Flower Zingiber officinale Repellent zingibereneRhizomeAmong all the important insecticidal plants, Neem (Azadirachta indica) is the most promising source of bio-pesticide and its various formulations are extensively used for pest control.5 Neem leaves, stems, seeds and oil have been used for pest control in sericulture.6 The limonoids present in it and its products have made it a sinless to mankind while functioning as insecticide, bactericide, fungicide, pesticide etc. It is likely to provide a settlement to many of pest and disease problem in sericulture.7 Generally, extracts of plant leaves or seed are prepared and sprayed otherwise, seeds are dried under sunshade, powdered finely and applied as dust.More than 20 Neem based biopesticides are available in the market (Table 3). Neem gets biodegraded in a matter of weeks when exposed to sunlight or in soil. Neem products are extremely photodegradable and normally degrade within a week. zero(prenominal)problem of development of pest resistance and resurgence has been reported from neem products. Hence they have characteristics sufficient for IPM strategy. Much of the informations are available on insecticidal properties of plants having some sort of toxic property against insects. The plant parts to be used should be removable leaves, flowers or fruit and harvesting should not mean destruction of the plant.Azadirachta indicaNeem is perhaps the most well known of all herbs and has been used in ayurveda in India for centuries. The active ingredient in Azadirachta indica (neem) is azadirachtin. It a member of the Meliaceae family and is a botanical cousin of mahogany. Neem is very hard and virile. Neem is curiously useful due to its climatic tolerance that allows it to be grown all over the world though it is usually found in t ropical regions. It has insecticidal, antifeedant, process regulating and development-modifying properties and has properties that make it attractive in insect control. It reduces fecundity and longevity as well as increased development time of immature insects. On insects it has been shown to act as a growth retardant and cause molting disorders, change of behavior and morphogenetic defects. Mosquito control is essential as they act as carriers for malaria, filariasis and a host of other diseases as well as being a nuisance. There is a high demand for a less environmentally libellous insecticide as the unitarys currently used have high neurotoxic effects. Recent studies have also demonstrated neem-induced effects on vitellogenesis and severe degeneracy of follicle cells during oogenesis in mosquitoes. It also has several medical properties such as a recover blood morbidity, biliary afflictions, itching, skin ulcers, burning sensations and pthysis. It is also an effective cure against ringworm, eczema and scabies. In English the tree is known as margosa and attains a maximum height of 40 to 50 metres.Ocimum SanctumTulsi is an aromatic plant in the Lamiaceae family. Tulsi has been used for thousands of years in Ayurveda due to its diverse healing properties. Tulsis extracts are used in ayurvedic remedies for common colds, headaches, bear disorders, inflammation, heart disease, various forms of poisoning, and malaria. Traditionally, tulsi is taken in many forms as herbal tea, dried powder, fresh leaf, or mixed with ghee. Essential oil extracted from Karpoora Tulsi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics, and is widely used in skin preparations due to its anti-bacterial activity. For centuries, the dried leaves of Tulsi have been mixed with stored grains to repel insects.8These plants in harmonious integration with other safe methods of pest control like biological control can provide eco-friendly and economically viable closures for pest problems in near future.ADVANTAGESPlants producing the compounds having insect growth regulators (IGR), sustenance deterrents, repellents and confusants activities are known by the farmer because most of the time they grow in the same general area. Some of these products may be these products act very quickly inhibiting insect feeding even though long term they do not cause insect death. Since most of these products have a stomach action and are rapidly decomposed they may be more selective to insect pests and less aggressive with natural enemies. Most of these compounds are not phytotoxic and have rapid action and low toxicity to mammals and plants. Resistance to these compounds is not developed as quickly as with synthetic insecticides.DISADVANTAGESMost of these products are not sincerely insecticides since many are merely insect deterrents and their effect is slow. They are rapidly degraded by UV light so that their residual action is minuscule and breakdown is rapid, req uiring more precise timing of and/or more frequent application. Not all plant insecticides are less toxic to other animals than the synthetic ones. They are not necessarily available and sometimes cost is more. Most of them have no established residue tolerances and there is lack of test information and sometimes lack of state registration of some materials. There are no legal registrations establishing their use. Not all recommendations followed by growers have been scientifically verified. The to a higher(prenominal) place statements are altered if you find anything that can be added or deleted you can do it.Insects adapt themselves to aquatic habitats inspite of their terrestrial origin. The aquatic and semi-aquatic insects are remarkable for their miscellanea of forms, reflecting adaptation to a wide variety of niches such as salt pissing pools, saline ponds, hot springs, high mountain lakes, large rivers, temporary and permanent ponds.Mosquitoes are known as vectors of the pathogens do human diseases. They belong to the order Diptera the true flies. Like all flies they have two wing but unlike other flies they have scales and the females have sucking proboscis. There are over 2500 species of mosquitoes. Culex mosquitoes are known to be untellable and persistent biters and are a nuisance.The reason why I chose this topic is because the pesticides that are currently used in pest control contain chemicals that have diverse side effects on the environment and organisms other than the target pest. I decided to use natural substances found in nature and see if they would work as a form of pest control instead. I have used two extracts Neem and Tulsi, in order to see which one was more effective in killing these mosquitoes. Neem, Tulsi and eucalyptus have been used as they are prevalent in the tropical and sub-tropical countries of Africa and Asia with a large mosquito population and there have been strong prospects of being used as an insecticide on a commercial scale due to their useful properties.AimIn early literature mentioned above it was illustrious that the mosquitoes inhibit both temporary and fresh water stagnant bodies and they are found in abundance ca use nuisance to the human population. The aim of the present study was undertaken on the following aspects1. To determine the number of Culex larvae killed in 12 hours and 24 hours exploitation unalike plant extracts like Neem and Tulsi in crude form.2. To determine the number of Culex larvae killed in 12 hours and 24 hours by Neem and Tulsi under various concentrations (1%-10%).3. To determine the statistical analysis t tests were performed.2. Materials and Method2.1. Materials / Equipments250 ml beaker, Mortar and pestle, Pipette, Stirrer, Water, Fishing net (for catching larvae), Dropper, Watch glass, Petri dishes.Culex larvaeFor the present study, the larvae of Culex mosquitoes were used throughout the investigation. These larvae were chosen because they were mos t abundant in the water bodies which are very active fast wriggling movement. The Culex larvae were collected from stagnant water bodies at Varthur Lake in Bangalore (fig.1) employ a hand net. They were transported in plastic buckets containing clean water to the lab. Larvae were categorized based on their size as large and small. The large sized Culex larvae were about 0.7 cm and the small sized Culex larvae measured about 0.2cm in length. For the present study I have used only large sized larvae (3rd and 4th instars stage).Medicinal plants used as extractsBotanical nameCommon nameMedical PurposesPart of plant usedOcimum sanctumTulsiUsed to treat digestive problemsYoung leavesAzadirachta indicaNeemKills pathogens. Used to cure skin ailments.Young leavesPreparation of gestate rootAzadirachta indica NeemI collected neem leaves from my indoctrinate campus. Only young leaves were collected and dried in the absence of sunlight in the swart region. The complete method of preparing 1 0% phone line solution of this plant extract is mentioned below. 10 grams of dried young leaves were then grinded using mortar and pestle along with methanol and dried. Then add 100 ml of distilled water to make out 10% stock solution. Then the 10% neem stock solution was decanted after centrifugation. Now from this 10% stock solution several(predicate) concentration solutions in percentage were prepared ranging from 1% 10% i.e., 10ml of 10% stock solution in 90ml of distilled water gives 1%, 20ml of 10% stock solution in 80ml of distilled water will give 2%, 30ml of 10% stock solution in 70ml of distilled water will give 3%, 40ml of 10% stock solution in 60ml of distilled water will give 4%, 50ml of 10% stock solution in 50ml of distilled water will give 5%, 60ml of 10% stock solution in 40ml of distilled water will give 6%, 70ml of 10% stock solution in 30ml of distilled water will give 7%, 80ml of 10% stock solution in 20ml of distilled water will give 8%, 90ml of 10% stock so lution in 10ml of distilled water will give 9%, and for 10% the stock solution itself was used.Ocimum sanctum TulsiI collected Tulsi leaves from my school campus. Only young leaves were collected and dried in the absence of sunlight in the shady region. The complete method of preparing 10% stock solution and the divers(prenominal) concentration of this plant extracts in percentage was done by same method as mentioned above in Neem.2.2. Method / Procedure mortality of larvae using crude plant extracts1. The large sized Culex larvae were taken in the petridishes.2. 5 ml of crude plant extracts of neem and tulsi were taken in the antithetical test tubes.3. 10 larvae were introduced in each test tube at the same time.4. Ten trails were carried out for the two diametrical plant extract.5. The number of larvae killed was recorded for 1hr, 12hr and 24 hr.6. Larvae were feed with dog biscuit powder.7. Comparative analysis was carried out graphically between the two plant extracts at diff erent time period.Mortality of larvae using different concentration of plant extracts1. The large sized Culex larvae were collected and separated in the petri dishes.2. 5 ml of 1% Neem extract was pipetted in the test tube using a graduated pipette.3. 10 Culex larvae were introduced and the time was noted.4. Ten trials were carried out at the same time for different concentration.5. The larval mortality was recorded for 12 hours and 24 hours.6. The same procedure was followed for different concentrations 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% 10% of the Neem extract.7. During this experiment the larvae was feed with dog biscuits in powdered form.8. The above mentioned procedure was also carried out using Tulsi plant extract.9. A comparative study of larval mortality was made by using these two plants extract on the Culex mosquito larvae.The percentage of mortality (which will give us an indication of the effectiveness of the extract) will be calculated using the following formula.Percenta ge of mortality = design of dead larvaeNumber of larvae introduced X 1002.3. VariablesDependant variable- Number of larvae killedIndependent variable-Different concentration of neem extract and tulsi extract, different time period 1hr, 12 hrs, 24 hrsControlled variable-Number of larvae, Volume of water, Temperature, food2.4. HypothesisHypothesis 1 zero point Hypothesis (Ho) Neem and Tulsi have no significant the mortality of the Culex larvae.Positive hypothesis (H1) Neem and Tulsi have a significant effect on the mortality of the Culex larvae.Hypothesis 2Null Hypothesis (Ho) There is no significant difference in the rate of mortality between Neem and Tulsi plant extracts.Positive Hypothesis (H1) There is a significant difference in the rate of mortality between Neem and Tulsi plant extracts.3. Results5.1 Mortality of larvae using crude plant extractsThe Culex larvae were exposed to different plant extracts in crude form to study the mortality rate. The number of Culex larvae killed was recorded after 1 hour, 12 hours and 24 hours separately (Table 1).In one hour the mean number of larvae killed by Neem was 4.90.74 and for Tulsi it was 3.51.08. As time progresses the difference in effectiveness becomes less and the two extracts are approximately equal. The crude extract of Neem was more effective than Tulsi in one hour duration. At 12 hours the mean number of mosquitoes killed were 9.21.14 and 81.05 respectively. At 24 hours the Neem and Tulsi extracts showed almost the same level of effectiveness with mean values of 10 and 9.70.48 respectively.The crude form of Neem extract was significantly more effective than Tulsi in killing the Culex larvae in 1 hour and 12 hours. However in 24 hours there is no significant difference in the effectiveness of Neem and Tulsi plant extracts.5.2 Mortality of larvae using different concentration of plant extracts5.2.1. NeemThe mortality of the larvae using different concentrations of Neem extract was recorded. At 1% concentra tion the mean number of larvae killed was noted to be 2.4 0.52 in 12 hours and 3.5 0.53 in 24 hours. At 10% concentration the highest mortality rate was recorded as 9.6 0.52 and 10 for 12 hours and 24 hours respectively. As the concentration of the Neem extract increased, the mortality of the larvae also steadily increased (Table 2).5.2.2. TulsiThe mortality of the mosquitoes for Tulsi extract was recorded in the same way as Neem. At 1% concentration the mean number of larvae killed was noted to be 1.8 0.63 in 12 hours and 3 0.67 in 24 hours. At 10% concentration the highest mortality rate was recorded as 8.7 0.67 and 9.6 0.52 for 12 hours and 24 hours respectively. As the concentration of the Tulsi extract increased, the mortality of the larvae also steadily increased (Table 3).Table 1 Mortality of larvae using crude plant extractTrail sNo. of larvae killed1 hour12 hours24 hoursNeemTulsiNeemTulsiNeemTulsi1521091010243106109355771010464108101054387109654109101076498101084510 910109538910101052108109Mean S.D4.90.743.51.089.21.1481.051009.70.48T- test3.382.451.96CalculationsT value=Degree of freedom = 20 -2 = 18Level of significance= 0.05Table t value = 2.10Neem and Tulsi in 1 hourCalculated T value= 4.9- 3.5 / (0.74)2 + (1.08)2 /10 = 3.38Neem and Tulsi in 12 hoursCalculated T value = 2.45Neem and Tulsi in 24 hoursCalculated T value = 1.96Graph Showing the mortality of larvae using crude plant extractTable 2 Mortality of larvae using different concentration of Neem extractsS. No.Different concentration of Neem extract %Mean No. of larvae killed12 hours24 hours11%2.4 0.523.5 0.5322%3.2 0.634.3 0.4833%3.9 0.575 0.6744%4.6 0.75.9 0.7455%5.3 0.676.4 0.766%5.8 0.427 0.6777%6.5 0.857.5 0.5388%7.4 0.528.6 0.799%8.6 0.849.8 0.421010%9.6 0.5210Graph Showing the mortality of larvae using Neem plant extractTable 3Mortality of larvae using different concentration of Tulsi extractsS. No.Different Concentrations of Tulsi ExtractMean No. of larvae K illed12 hours24 hours11%1.8 0.633 0.6722%2.6 0.73.6 0.5233%3.3 0.674.4 0.744%4.1 0.745.3 0.8255%4.8 0.795.8 0.7966%5.4 0.526.7 0.4877%6.2 0.797.4 0.788%7 0.678.1 0.5799%7.9 0.579.1 0.631010%8.7 0.679.6 0.52Graph Showing the mortality of larvae using Tulsi plant extractTable showing the comparative mean mortality of the larvae using Tulsi and Neem extractsDifferent ConcentrationsMean No. of larvae Killed in 12 hoursMean No. of larvae Killed in 24 hoursTusliNeemTulsiNeem1%1.8 0.632.4 0.523 0.673.5 0.532%2.6 0.73.2 0.633.6 0.524.3 0.483%3.3 0.673.9 0.574.4 0.75 0.674%4.1 0.744.6 0.75.3 0.825.9 0.745%4.8 0.795.3 0.675.8 0.796.4 0.76%5.4 0.525.8 0.426.7 0.487 0.677%6.2 0.796.5 0.857.4 0.77.5 0.538%7 0.677.4 0.528.1 0.578.6 0.79%7.9 0.578.6 0.849.1 0.639.8 0.4210%8.7 0.679.6 0.529.6 0.5210Graph comparing number of larvae killed using both plant extracts in 12 hoursGraph comparing number of larvae killed using both plant extracts i n 24 hoursT Values at Different concentrations of Neem and Tulsi extractConcentration of Neem and TulsiCalculated t value in 12 hoursCalculated t value in 24 hours1%2.321.852%2.143.133%2.161.964%1.551.725%1.531.806%1.891.157%0.820.368%1.491.759%2.182.9210%3.362.434. DiscussionA t-test was performed for the values obtained for the comparison of the crude extracts. The t-test values for crude Neem and Tulsi extracts are effective if seeing if Neem is significantly more effective than Tulsi in a certain time period. The calculated t value for 1 hour is 3.38. This is higher than the table t value of 2.10. Hence in 1 hour Neem is significantly more effective in killing larvae. In 12 hours the calculated t value is 2.45 and therefore we can draw the same conclusion. However in 24 hours the calculated t value in 1.96 and thus there is no significant difference in the effectiveness of Neem and Tulsi. By this point it is evident that, as far as Hypothesis 1 is concerned, that both Neem and T ulsi are effective in killing mosquito larvae. With regard to the crude extract we can say that in 1 and 12 hour periods, Neem is more significantly more effective but not in 24 hours (Hypothesis 2).T-tests were also performed to compare the significant difference in mortality of Neem and Tulsi extracts at different concentrations. Separate t-tests were performed for 12 hours and 24 hours.As seen in the tables above the t-values are significant in 12 hours for 1%, 2% and 3%. They are significant as at these concentrations the calculated t values are greater than the table t value of 2.10. It is also observed in 9% and 10% concentrations in 12 hours. In 24 hours significance is observed in 2%, 9% and 10%. What these means is that for these concentrations in their respective time periods, Neem is significantly more effective than Tulsi in killing larvae.The main effect that Azadirachta indica has on larvae is the growth regulatory effect. It is because of this property that Neem acts as an brilliant natural insecticide. Exposure of culex larvae to sub lethal doses prolongs the larval development and causes reduced pupal weight and oviposition. Neem works by intervening at several stages of the insects life. The ingredients present in Neem are approximately the same shape and structure of vital hormones for the insects. The larvae absorb these Neem compounds as if they were real hormones which blocks their endocrine systems. This leaves the insects so sonfused in brain and body that they cease to reproduce and thus the population plummets.Tulsi extract exhibits high mortality, especially during the molting process. The molting of larvae takes place under the influence of the ventral nerve cord neurosecretory cells. These cells release the tanning hormone. The extract may have an inhibiting effect on such cells. They may also act on epidermal cells that produce enzymes necessary for the circular oxidation process.Both plant extracts affect reproduction and inhib it the emergence of adult mosquitoes from their larvae. They also fall the feeding time for larvae and cause less food to be ingested. This has been noted to cause a fall in the carbohydrate levels of the larvae. A study noted that the extracts cause the amount of DNA and RNA in the larvae to fall thus suggesting that the extracts may affect nucleic acid synthesis. The feeding in the larvae may have rock-bottom due to indigestion caused by the plant extracts as they inhibit metabolic processes. 9Both Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica are available easily and in large quantities. They do not require professional handling, are inexpensive and safe which makes them very valuable as pesticides. Additionally Tulsi has properties that enable it to disinfect water. The extracts could help replace harmful pesticides used such as DDT as they are safe for non target animals and do not pose residue problems but are still effective in killing larvae and suppressing the adult mosquito popu lation. In conclusion further effort should be taken to produce bio-pesticides from Neem or Tulsi as well as research to find other plants products that may be more ideal. UV rays may affect the Neem and Tulsi extracts thus reservation them ineffective so research should be done in order to find plant products that do not degrade in the presence of sunlight thus making them completely versatile.5. Summary* The findings have important implications in the practical control of mosquito larvae, especially, in a polluted aquatic environment.* Ocimum sanctum and Azadirachta indica are the two plants out of which the extracts were prepared.* Solutions of concentrations varying from 1% to 10% were prepared from the stock solution for each plant.* Each concentration was tested on 10 larvae. 10 trials were undertaken and the results were noted.* Both plants were deemed effective as far as larval mortality in concerned. Neem extract had a slightly higher mortality rate.6. Bibliography(Singh e t al. 2000, 2004). Pest management in sericulture (2000), Properties and potential of natural pesticide against sericulture pests. Publ. Zool. Soc. India. pp. 200-206(Singh and Saratchandra, 2002). An Integrated approach in pest management in sericulture, Int. J . Indust. Entomol. 5, 141-151(Baskaran and Narayanswamy, 1995) Traditional pest control. Caterpillar Publications. 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