Study And Overview Of The Scientific Calculator Computer Science Essay

Study And Overview Of The Scientific Calculator Computer Science EssayThe commencement exercise scientific reckoner that overwhelmd all of the basic features above was the programmable Hewlett-Packed HP-9100A released in 1968, though the Wang LOCI-2 and the Mechatronics Mathatron had some features later identified with scientific calculator designs. The HP-9100 series was reinforced entirely from discrete transistor logic with no integrated circuits, and was one of the first uses of the CORDIC algorithm for well-keptonometric computation in a personal figure device, as well as the first calculator based on reverse Polish note of hand entry. HP became closely identified with RPN calculators from then on, and scour today some of their high-end calculators (particularly the long-lived HP-12C financial calculator and the HP-48 series of graphing calculators) still offer RPN as their default input mode due to having garnered a precise large following.The HP-35 introduced on Febru ary 1, 1972, was Hewlett-Packards first pocket calculator and the worlds first handheld scientific calculator. Like some of HPs desktop calculators it employ reverse Polish notation Introduced at US$395, the HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975. HP continues to develop and market high-end scientific calculators, like the HP-35s and HP-49 series, which have been favored by scientists and engineers, in labs, offices, as well as in the field.INTRODUCTIONThe calculator was written by Rolf Hawarth in early 1996.A scientific calculator is a type of electronic calculator, usually still not always handheld, designed to calculate problems in science (especially physics), engineering, and mathematics. They have al just about completely replaced slide rules in almost all traditional applications, and argon widely utilize in both education and professional settings.A fully featured scientific calculator with proper operator precedence is implemented, including trig breaks and logarithms, f actorials, 12 levels of p arentheses, logs to base 2 (a handy function for information entropists), bitwise logical operator, hex, octal, binary and ASCII display.The calculator is written in Java Script and you are take to view the JavaScript source (visible within the HTML page) for personal educational purposes as long as you recognize that it is copyrighted and not in the public domain. This calculator is now available as part of Humming birds Enterprise Information Portal. All enquiries regarding licensing the calculator should be directed to Hummingbird Ltd.Basic FunctionsModern scientific calculators broadly have legion(predicate) more features than a standard four or five-function calculator, and the feature set differs between manufacturers and models however, the defining features of a scientific calculator includeScientific notationFloating point arithmeticlogarithmic functions, utilise both base 10 and base etrigonometric functions (some including hyperbolic trigono metryexponential functions and roots beyond the square rootquick access to constants such as pi and eIn addition, high-end scientific calculators depart includehexadecimal ,binary, and octal calculations, including basic Boolean mathcomplex numbersfractionsstatistics and probability calculationsequation solvingcalculusconversion of unitsphysical constantsWhile most scientific models have traditionally employ a single-line display similar to traditional pocket calculators, umpteen of them have at the very least many digits (10 to 12), sometimes with extra digits for the floating point exponent. A few have multi-line displays, with some recent models from Hewlett-Packed, Texas Instruments, Casio, Sharp, and Canon using dot matrix displays similar to those order on graphical calculators.AdditionThe addition (sum function) is used by clicking on the + loss or using the spotboard. The function results in a+b.SubtractionThe tax write-off (minus function) is used by clicking on the - entirelyton or using the keyboard. The function results in a-b.MultiplicationThe multiplication (times function) is used by clicking on the x button or using the keyboard * key. The function results in a*b.DivisionThe division (divide function) is used by clicking on the / button or using the keyboard / key. The function results in a/b.SignThe sign key (negative key) is used by clicking on the (-) button. The function results in -1*x.SquareThe square function is used by clicking on the x2 button or type 2. The function results in x*x.Square RootThe square root function is used by clicking on the x button or type sqrt(). This function represents x.5 where the result squared is equal to x.Raise to the PowerThe raise to the power (y brocaded to the x function) is used by clicking on the yx button or type .Natural ExponentialThe natural exponential (e raised to the x) is used by clicking on the ex button or type exp(). The result is e (2.71828) raised to x.LogarithmThe logarithm (LOG ) is used by clicking on the LOG button or type LOG().Natural LogarithmThe Natural logarithm (LN) is used by clicking on the LN button or type LN(). opponentMultiplicative inverse (reciprocal function) is used by pressing the 1/x button or typing inv(). This function is the same as x-1 or dividing 1 by the number.ExponentNumbers with exponents of 10 are displayed with an e, for example 4.5e+100 or 4.5e-100. This function represents 10x. Numbers are automatically displayed in the format when the number is too large or too small for the display. To enter a number in this format use the exponent key EEX. To do this enter the mantissa (the non exponent part) then press EEX or type e and then enter the exponent.FactorialThe Factorial function is used by clicking the button or type .PIPI is a mathematical constant of the ratio of a circles circumference to its diameter.PermutationThe permutation function is used by clicking the nPr button.CombinationThe combination function is used by cl icking the nCr button.CubeThe cube function is used by clicking the x3 .The function results in x*x*x.Cube rootThe cube root function is used by clicking 3x .Trig functionVarious trig functions are involved as-Sine, cosine, tangent etc.Inverse trig functionsVarious inverse trig functions are also involved as-sinx,cosx,tanx etc.PROPOSED SYSTEMThe following documentation is a pop out the Name of the term paper allotted. It is a detailed summary of all the drawbacks of the old musical arrangement and how the new proposed scheme overcomes these shortcomings. The new system takes into account the various factors while designing a new system. It keeps into the account the Economical bandwidth available for the new system. The frontmost thing that is taken care of is the Need and Requirements of the User.DESCRIPTIONBefore developing software we keep following things in mind that we burn develop tendinous and quality softwarePROBLEM STATEMENTProblem statement was to design a moduleWhi ch is user friendlyWhich allow for restrict the user from accessing other(a) users data?Which will help user in viewing his data and privileges?Which will help the administrator to handle all the changes?FUNCTIONS TO BE PROVIDEDThe system will be user friendly and completely menu driven so that the users shall have no problem in using all options.The system will be efficient and fast in response.The system will be customized according to needs.ViewAddDeleteModifySYSTEM REQUIRMENTSOperating system MS Windows XP or Windows VistaLanguage CLanguage Processor Pentium IV Processor RAM 512 MB Hard disk 5 GBFlowchartWelcome to main menu of Scientific CalculatorEnter Your Choice?On calculatorDo your any taskDo you emergency to continue?STARTTrignometery(sin,cos)Inverse (1/x)STOPSwitch off calculatorYesNoUsesScientific calculators are used widely in any patch where quick access to certain mathematical functions is needed, especially those such as trigonometric functions that were once tra ditionally looked up in tables they are also used in situations requiring back-of-the-envelope calculations of very large numbers, as in some aspects of astronomy, physics, and chemistry.They are very often required for math classes from the junior high school level through college, and are generally either permitted or required on many standardized tests covering math and science subjects as a result, many are sold into educational markets to cover this demand, and some high-end models include features making it easier to translate the problem on a textbook page into calculator input, from allowing distinct operator precedence using parentheses to providing a method for the user to enter an entire problem in as it is written on the page using simple formatting tools.APPLICATIONSIn most countries, students use calculators for schoolwork. there was some initial resistance to the idea out of fear that basic arithmetic skills would suffer. There remains disagreement about the importa nce of the ability to perform calculations in the head, with some curricula restricting calculator use until a certain level of technique has been obtained, while others concentrate more on teaching estimation techniques and problem-solving. Research suggests that inadequate guidance in the use of calculating tools can restrict the physical body of mathematical thinking that students engage in. Others have argued that calculator use can even cause core mathematical skills to atrophy, or that such use can prevent understanding of advanced algebraic concepts.There are other concerns for example, that a people could use the calculator in the wrong fashion but believe the answer because that was the result given. Teachers try to combat this by encouraging the student to make an estimate of the result manually and ensuring it roughly agrees with the calculated result. Also, it is achievable for a child to type in 1-1 and obtains the correct answer 1 without realizing the principle inv olved. In this sense, the calculator becomes a crutch rather than a learning tool, and it can slow down students in exam conditions as they check even the most trivial result on a calculator. future(a) SCOPE OF THE PROJECTOur project will be able to implement in future after making some changes and modifications as we make our project at a very low level. So the modifications that can be done in our project areTo make it screen touch so no need to touch key buttons and one more change which can we made is to add snaps of the person who use it.